Growth and phenolic content of sowthistle grown in a closed-type plant production system with a UV-A or UV-B lamp

This study was conducted to determine the effects of UV-A and UV-B wavelengths on the growth and content of antioxidant phenolic compounds in sowthistle (Ixeris dentata Nakai), a medicinal plant, grown in a closed plant-production system. In study I, sowthistle plants were continuously exposed to UV-A light. In study II, two UV treatments [repeated UV-B (R): 4 h center dot d(-1) for 6 days, gradual UV-B (G): from 1 to 7 h center dot d(-1) for 6 days] were applied to the sowthistle plants. As a result, contents of total phenolics and antioxidants in UV-A-treated plants were significantly (50 and 30%, respectively) higher than those in the control plants after 3 d of UV treatment without growth inhibition. Moreover, plants continuously exposed to UV-A for 5 d had 50% higher total flavonoid content than the control. The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity supported the accumulation of phytochemicals in plants exposed to UV-A. The UV-B (R) treatment led to a more rapid decrease in the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio than UV-B (G) treatment. The UV-B (R) or UV-B (G) treatment produced more total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants, although both UV-B treatments significantly inhibited plant growth measured at 2 days after treatment. The UV irradiation also enhanced PAL activity at 2 and 3 days after treatment, suggesting biosynthetic activation of secondary metabolites. Therefore, application of UV-A or UV-B light can be used as a strategy to improve antioxidant phenolic compounds of sowthistle plants grown in closed plant production systems.