The traffic linked urban ambient air superfine and ultrafine PM1 mass concentration, contents of pro-oxidant chemicals, and their seasonal drifts in Lucknow, India

The anthropogenic PM2.5 in ambient air is implicated in the increased health risks and morbidities of urban subjects. However in the literature, there is a limited information on mass concentrations and size segregated chemical profile of ultrafine and superfine PM1 fractions of traffic linked urban ambient air. The size, and the adsorbed chemicals, and response to seasonal change in this submicron range of particles have seldom been studied so far. We have looked into these aspects in urban ambient air of Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India. A 10-stage MOUDI cascade impactor sampled the superfine (PM0.56, PM0.32, PM0.18) and ultrafine particles (PM0.1, PM0.056) distributed in traffic linked ambient air. We studied their morphology, mass concentrations, the adsorbed metal contents and organic chemical moieties using TEM, gravimetric analyses, AAS, and FTIR spectroscopy. A change in their contents and profile with season was also examined. Results revealed spherical and fractal shapes of PM0.1, 50 nm-2 mu m size range of PM0.56 fractions, and 10-100 nm size range of constituent spherules. Gravimetric analyses disclosed mass concentrations and multifold increases in their levels in winter. Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb and transition element Cu, Fe were found to be present in the studied particles. The presence of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with hydroxyl, carbonyl, and ketone groups were also found and displayed changes in their levels with season. Presence of organonitrate compounds indicated the role of submicron and nanosize particulates in secondary aerosol formation also. Results are important for epidemiological studies and public policy on superfine and ultrafine particulate matter in urban ambient air for identification of toxicity risk or health hazard, air quality monitoring and regulation.