期刊
SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE
卷 73, 期 5, 页码 768-774出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.017
关键词
Atherosclerosis; Coronary calcium; Risk factors; Socioeconomic status; Life course; African American; Ethnicity; USA
资金
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Coordinating Center [N01-HC-95095]
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Field Center [N01-HC-48047]
- University of Minnesota, Field Center [N01-HC-48048]
- Northwestern University, Field Center [N01-HC-48049]
- Kaiser Foundation Research Institute [N01-HC-48050]
- University of California, Irvine, Echocardiography Reading Center [N01-HC-45134]
- Harbor-UCLA Research Education Institute, Computed Tomography Reading Center [N01-HC-05187]
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute at the National Institutes of Health
- MacArthur Foundation Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health
Few studies have investigated the association of socioeconomic status (SES) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) and only one study has examined African Americans separately from Caucasians, despite empirical evidence suggesting that blacks have equivalent or lower CAC, relative to whites. We tested the hypotheses that lower childhood SES and lower average education, occupation, and income and change in SES (slope) in adulthood are related to risk of CAC in blacks and whites in the US CARDIA study. Parental education and occupation were measured at study entry (Year 0 in 1985-1986) and participant education, occupation, and household income were evaluated multiple times throughout a 20 year follow-up period at four sites in the United States. CAC was measured at Year 20 in 3138 (45% black) participants in CARDIA; 19% had CAC. Latent growth models and multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for the major risk factors for CAC. Multivariate models showed that lower paternal education in blacks and lower maternal occupational status in the full sample and in whites were related to higher risk of any CAC, independent of adult SES. Lower average adult education, occupation, and income were related to higher risk of any CAC, with the effects primarily in blacks. Our results are the first to show that SES, measured retrospectively and prospectively in multiple ways, is related to CAC, and the first to document the effects primarily in blacks. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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