Complete genome sequencing and genomic characterization of two Escherichia coli strains co-producing MCR-1 and NDM-1 from bloodstream infection

We previously described the discovery of two Escherichia coli isolates (EC1002 and EC2474) co-harbouring mcr-1 and bla(NDM-1) genes, which were recovered from bloodstream infection in China. More importantly, these antibiotic resistance genes were located on different plasmids and signaling the potential spread of pandrug-resistant bacteria. Here, the complete genome sequences of both isolates were determined using Pacbio RS II and Illumina HiSeq2000 systems. The genome of EC1002 consists of a 5,177,501 base pair chromosome and four circular plasmids, while the genome of EC2474 consists of a 5,013,813 base pair chromosome and three plasmids. The plasmid replicon type of pEC1002_NDM and pEC2474_NDM were identified as IncA/C2 and IncF, respectively. The genetic environment of bla(NDM-1) in this study was similar to bla(NDM)-carrying plasmids detected in China, although the overall nucleotide identity and query coverage were variable. The plasmid replicon type of pEC1002_MCR and pEC2474_MCR were identified as IncI2 and IncHI2, respectively. Two different genetic strategies for mcr-1 gene spread were observed in this study and bla(NDM-1) genes were also found transferred by two different mobile genetic elements in two plasmids. The findings of this study further support that the diversified transfer mechanisms of bla(NDM-1) and mcr-1 present in Enterobacteriaceae.