期刊
BEHAVIOR GENETICS
卷 46, 期 2, 页码 170-182出版社
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9735-5
关键词
Personality; Phenotype harmonization; Common genetic variants; Imputation; Polygenic risk
资金
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research [NWO 480-05-003]
- UK Medical Research Council [74882]
- Wellcome Trust [076467]
- University of Bristol
- 23andMe
- Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging
- Italian Ministry of Health (RC) [RF2007 Conv. 42]
- Regione Lombardia [ID: 17387 SAL-13]
- NIH [DA007255, HG006265, DA02812, DA021336, DA024845, HHSN268200782096C, T32 MH016880]
- Bioinformatics Research Development Fund
- NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative [GEI] [U01 HG004422]
- Gene Environment Association Studies (GENEVA) under GEI
- NIH GEI [U01HG004438]
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- NIH from National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) [U10AA008401]
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
- NIH from National Cancer Institute [P01 CA089392]
- NIDA [HHSN271200477451C]
- FP7 Grants [201413 ENGAGE, 212111 BBMRI, ECOGENE (205419)]
- OpenGENE
- Estonian Government [SF0180142s08]
- EU via European Regional Development Fund
- Estonian Ministry of Science and Education [SF0180029s08]
- European Commission FP6 STRP Grant [018947 (LSHG-CT-2006-01947)]
- European Community [HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, QLG2-CT-2002-01254]
- ENGAGE consortium
- CMSB
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR) [047.017.043]
- ZonMw Grant [91111025]
- Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics [213506, 129680]
- Academy of Finland [100499, 205585, 118555, 141054, 257075]
- Global Research Awards for Nicotine Dependence (GRAND)
- ENGAGE (European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology [FP7-HEALTH-F4-2007, 201413]
- Academy of Finland
- Finnish Diabetes Research Society
- Folkhalsan Research Foundation
- Novo Nordisk Foundation
- Finska Lakaresallskapet
- Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation
- University of Helsinki
- Ministry of Education
- Ahokas Foundation
- Emil Aaltonen Foundation
- Medical Research Council (UK)
- European Commission [LSHG-CT2006-018947]
- Republic of Croatia Ministry of Science, Education and Sports [108-1080315-0302]
- Research Into Ageing
- Age UK (The Disconnected Mind)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
- Medical Research Council (MRC)
- Wellcome Trust Strategic Award [104036/Z/14/Z]
- National Institutes of Health [R37DA005147, R01AA009367, R01AA011886, R01DA013240, R01MH066140, U01DA024417]
- NIMH Schizophrenia Genetics Initiative [MH46276, MH46289, MH46318]
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Geestkracht program) [10-000-1002]
- Center for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB, NWO Genomics)
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL)
- VU University's EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam
- US National Institute of Mental Health as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act [RC2MH089951]
- NWO-VIDI [91811602]
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [575-25-006, 480-04-004, 904-61-090, 904-61-193, 400-05-717, Spinozapremie SPI 56-464-14192]
- European Research Council [ERC-230374]
- NWO VENI [016-115-035]
- Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the US National Institutes of Health
- Genetic Association Information Network
- NIMH [MH081802]
- Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government
- Royal Society
- MRC Human Genetics Unit
- Arthritis Research UK
- European Union [LSHG-CT-2006-018947]
- Australian Research Council [A79600334, A79906588, A79801419, DP0212016, DP0343921, DP0664638, DP1093900]
- Beyond Blue and the Borderline Personality Disorder Research Foundation
- NIH Grants [DA12854, AA07728, AA07580, AA11998, AA13320, AA13321, MH66206]
- Australian National Health and Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (Medical Bioinformatics Genomics Proteomics Program) [389891]
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- NIH, National Institute on Aging
- National Institute on Aging, NIH [NO1-AG-1-2109]
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research [01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403]
- Ministry of Cultural Affairs
- Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research Grant [03ZIK012]
- Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany
- Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania
- German Research Foundation [DFG: GR 1912/5-1]
- Ministry for Higher Education
- Swedish Research Council [M-2005-1112, 2009-2298]
- GenomEUtwin [QLG2-CT-2002-01254, EU/QLRT-2001-01254]
- NIH Grant [DK U01-066134]
- Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [ICA08-0047]
- Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation
- Royal Swedish Academy of Science
- ENGAGE within European Union [HEALTH-F4-2007-201413]
- Republic of Croatia Ministry of Science, Education and Sports research Grant [108-1080315-0302]
- Academy of Finland Grants [126925, 121584, 124282, 129378, 117787, 41071, 265869]
- Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Kuopio
- Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds [9N035]
- Juho Vainio Foundation
- Paavo Nurmi Foundation
- Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research
- Finnish Cultural Foundation
- Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation
- Scottish Executive Health Department, Chief Scientist Office [CZD/16/6]
- Medical Research Council UK
- [AA-12502]
- [AA-00145]
- [AA-09203]
- [AA15416]
- [K02AA018755]
- [MH67257]
- [MH59588]
- [MH59571]
- [MH59565]
- [MH59587]
- [MH60870]
- [MH60879]
- [MH59566]
- [MH59586]
- [MH61675]
- [MH79469]
- [MH79470]
- [DA019951]
- Academy of Finland (AKA) [121584, 129378, 117787, 124282, 265869, 126925, 124282, 117787, 129378, 121584, 265869, 126925] Funding Source: Academy of Finland (AKA)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/F019394/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Chief Scientist Office [CZB/4/710, ETM/55, CZD/16/6/4, CZB/4/505] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [MC_UU_12013/4, MC_UU_12013/1, MR/K026992/1, MC_PC_U127561128, MC_PC_15018, MC_UU_12013/3] Funding Source: researchfish
- Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [ICA08-0047] Funding Source: Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)
- BBSRC [BB/F019394/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- MRC [MC_UU_12013/4, MC_UU_12013/1, MC_PC_U127561128, MC_UU_12013/3] Funding Source: UKRI
Extraversion is a relatively stable and heritable personality trait associated with numerous psychosocial, lifestyle and health outcomes. Despite its substantial heritability, no genetic variants have been detected in previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies, which may be due to relatively small sample sizes of those studies. Here, we report on a large meta-analysis of GWA studies for extraversion in 63,030 subjects in 29 cohorts. Extraversion item data from multiple personality inventories were harmonized across inventories and cohorts. No genome-wide significant associations were found at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level but there was one significant hit at the gene level for a long non-coding RNA site (LOC101928162). Genome-wide complex trait analysis in two large cohorts showed that the additive variance explained by common SNPs was not significantly different from zero, but polygenic risk scores, weighted using linkage information, significantly predicted extraversion scores in an independent cohort. These results show that extraversion is a highly polygenic personality trait, with an architecture possibly different from other complex human traits, including other personality traits. Future studies are required to further determine which genetic variants, by what modes of gene action, constitute the heritable nature of extraversion.
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