Thirteen-Year Trends in Dietary Patterns among Japanese Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2003-2015: Continuous Westernization of the Japanese Diet

We examined 13-year trends in dietary patterns, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan 2003-2015. In repeated, independent cross-sectional studies, dietary intake was assessed with a one-day weighed dietary record in 88,527 Japanese adults aged 20 years. Using principal component analysis based on the daily consumption of 31 food groups, we identified three dietary patterns, the plant food and fish, bread and dairy, and animal food and oil patterns. In the whole sample, the plant food and fish pattern score decreased while the bread and dairy and animal food and oil pattern scores increased. The decreasing trends in the plant food and fish pattern were observed in all subgroups considered. The increasing trends in the bread and dairy pattern were similar across sexes and by current smoking status. However, in terms of age, occupation, and weight status, the increasing trends were only evident in particular subgroups (i.e., age 50-64 and 65 years; security/transportation/labor occupation and nonworker; and normal weight and overweight participants). For the animal food and oil pattern, the increasing trends were observed in all subgroups, except for the youngest age group (20-34 years old). This study suggests continuous Westernization of the Japanese diet.