期刊
NUTRIENTS
卷 3, 期 11, 页码 962-986出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nu3110962
关键词
vitamin E; tocopherols; breast cancer; estrogen receptor (ER); peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma); nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2); anti-inflammatory; cell proliferation; apoptosis; case-control studies
资金
- NIH [R03 CA141756]
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
- NIEHS Center [P30 ES005022]
Vitamin E consists of eight different variants: alpha-, beta-,.gamma-, and delta-tocopherols (saturated phytyl tail) and alpha-, beta-,gamma-, and delta-tocotrienols (unsaturated phytyl tail). Cancer prevention studies with vitamin E have primarily utilized the variant alpha-tocopherol. To no avail, a majority of these studies focused on variant alpha-tocopherol with inconsistent results. However, gamma-tocopherol, and more recently delta-tocopherol, have shown greater ability to reduce inflammation, cell proliferation, and tumor burden. Recent results have shown that gamma-enriched mixed tocopherols inhibit the development of mammary hyperplasia and tumorigenesis in animal models. In this review, we discuss the possible differences between the variant forms, molecular targets, and cancer-preventive effects of tocopherols. We recommend that gamma-enriched mixture, gamma- and delta-tocopherol, but not alpha-tocopherol, are promising agents for breast cancer prevention and warrant further investigation.
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