期刊
NANO ENERGY
卷 12, 期 -, 页码 88-95出版社
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.12.012
关键词
Bismuth; Anode; Sodium ion batteries; Density function theory; Intercalation mechanism
类别
资金
- Commonwealth of Australia through the Automotive Australia Cooperative Research Centre (AutoCRC)
Bismuth nanoparticles wrapped by graphene have been synthesized. Refined X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses have revealed the phase, crystal structure, and morphology of the Bi@graphene nanocomposite. When applied as anode in Na-ion batteries, Bi@graphene nanocomposite exhibited a high reversible sodium storage capacity of about 561 mA h g(-1) within the 2.0-0.01 V voltage range and 358 mA h g(-1) within the 0.9-0.3 V voltage range. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction measurements were used to study the reaction mechanism with Na. It was found that bismuth does not follow the alloying mechanism with Na, and surprisingly, an intercalation process has been evidenced. The asprepared Bi@graphene nanocomposite also demonstrated excellent high rate performance. This superior electrochemical performance could be ascribed to the unique layered crystal structure of Bi, which has large interlayer spacing along the c-axis (d(003)=3.95 angstrom) to accommodate the Na ions. Furthermore, the three-dimensional architecture of the Bi@graphene nanocomposite also contributes to better conductivity and stability of the electrodes. Via density function theory calculations, it was found that the Bi could provide facile sites for Na ion diffusion and accommodation, based on the intercalation mechanism instead of the alloying process. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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