In vivo imaging and tracking of individual nanodiamonds in drosophila melanogaster embryos

In this work, we incorporate and image individual fluorescent nanodiamonds in the powerful genetic model system Drosophila melanogaster. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and wide-field imaging techniques are applied to individual fluorescent nanodiamonds in blastoderm cells during stage 5 of development, up to a depth of 40 mu m. The majority of nanodiamonds in the blastoderm cells during cellularization exhibit free diffusion with an average diffusion coefficient of (6 +/- 3) x 10(-3) mu m(2)/s, (mean +/- SD). Driven motion in the blastoderm cells was also observed with an average velocity of 0.13 +/- 0.10 mu m/s (mean +/- SD) mu m/s and an average applied force of 0.07 +/- 0.05 pN (mean +/- SD). Nanodiamonds in the periplasm between the nuclei and yolk were also found to undergo free diffusion with a significantly larger diffusion coefficient of (63 +/- 35) x 10(-3) mu m(2)/s (mean +/- SD). Driven motion in this region exhibited similar average velocities and applied forces compared to the blastoderm cells indicating the transport dynamics in the two cytoplasmic regions are analogous. (C) 2014 Optical Society of America