Licenced to pollute but not to poison: The ineffectiveness of regulatory authorities at protecting public health from atmospheric arsenic, lead and other contaminants resulting from mining and smelting operations

This article details and examines the impact of significant inconsistencies in pollution licencing, monitoring and reporting from Australia's leading mining and smelting communities of Mount Isa in Queensland and Port Pine in South Australia. Although emissions to the environment are regulated according to Australia's national air quality standards, significant atmospheric point source toxic emissions of arsenic, lead and sulfur dioxide continue to contaminate Mount Isa and Port Pine communities. Short-term atmospheric contaminant emissions across residential areas from the Mount Isa Mines operations are significant: in 2011, 24-h maximum suspended particulate (TSP) values for lead-in-air and arsenic-in-air were 12.8 mu g/m(3) and 2973 ng/m(3), respectively. The relevant Queensland air quality objectives for lead and arsenic are 0.5 mu g/m(3) (TSP) and 6 ng/m(3) (PM10), respectively, averaged over a year. Mount Isa is also blanketed by elevated sulfur dioxide concentrations, with the Australian and Queensland 1-h air quality standard (0.2 ppm) being exceeded on 27 occasions in 2011. At Port Pine, contamination of the urban environment is arguably worse with 24-h maximum TSP values for lead-in-air and arsenic-in-air of 22.57 mu g/m(3) (2011) and 250 ng/m(3) (2009), respectively. Port Pine has an annual average lead-in-air standard of 0.5 mu g/m(3) (TSP) but there are no set values for arsenic. In 2012, the national 1-h standard for sulfur dioxide was exceeded 50 times in Port Pine. Despite chronic childhood blood lead exposures in both communities, there is a history of denial and downplaying of the source and impact of the contamination. A contributory factor to this pattern of behaviour is the fragmented and inconsistent delivery of data as well as its interpretation in relation to environmental and health impacts from exposures. This study reviews available data sources and makes inference to the impacts from contamination and in doing so, explains why the current regulatory framework fails to protect the impacted communities. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.