A zero-strain layered metal oxide as the negative electrode for long-life sodium-ion batteries

Room-temperature sodium-ion batteries have shown great promise in large-scale energy storage applications for renewable energy and smart grid because of the abundant sodium resources and low cost. Although many interesting positive electrode materials with acceptable performance have been proposed, suitable negative electrode materials have not been identified and their development is quite challenging. Here we introduce a layered material, P2-Na-0.66[Li0.22Ti0.78]O-2, as the negative electrode, which exhibits only similar to 0.77% volume change during sodium insertion/extraction. The zero-strain characteristics ensure a potentially long cycle life. The electrode material also exhibits an average storage voltage of 0.75V, a practical usable capacity of ca. 100 mAh g(-1), and an apparent Na+ diffusion coefficient of 1 x 10(-10) cm(-2) s(-1) as well as the best cyclability for a negative electrode material in a half-cell reported to date. This contribution demonstrates that P2-Na-0.66 [Li0.22Ti0.78]O-2 is a promising negative electrode material for the development of rechargeable long-life sodium-ion batteries.