Amyloid-β nanotubes are associated with prion protein-dependent synaptotoxicity

Growing evidence suggests water-soluble, non-fibrillar forms of amyloid-beta protein (A beta) have important roles in Alzheimer's disease with toxicities mimicked by synthetic A beta(1-42). However, no defined toxic structures acting via specific receptors have been identified and roles of proposed receptors, such as prion protein (PrP), remain controversial. Here we quantify binding to PrP of A beta(1-42) after different durations of aggregation. We show PrP-binding and PrP-dependent inhibition of long-term potentiation (LTP) correlate with the presence of protofibrils. Globular oligomers bind less avidly to PrP and do not inhibit LTP, whereas fibrils inhibit LTP in a PrP-independent manner. That only certain transient A beta assemblies cause PrP-dependent toxicity explains conflicting reports regarding the involvement of PrP in A beta-induced impairments. We show that these protofibrils contain a defined nanotubular structure with a previously unidentified triple helical conformation. Blocking the formation of A beta nanotubes or their interaction with PrP might have a role in treatment of Alzheimer's disease.