期刊
EPIGENOMICS
卷 4, 期 1, 页码 67-80出版社
FUTURE MEDICINE LTD
DOI: 10.2217/EPI.11.112
关键词
barrier; boundary; chromatin; CTCF; domain; insulator; USF1; VEZF1
资金
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- UK Medical Research Council
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- European Commission
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/B/08043] Funding Source: researchfish
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/E032745/1, EP/E032745/2] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [G0400180] Funding Source: researchfish
- EPSRC [EP/E032745/1, EP/E032745/2] Funding Source: UKRI
- MRC [G0400180] Funding Source: UKRI
Epigenomic profiling has revealed that substantial portions of genomes in higher eukaryotes are organized into extensive domains of transcriptionally repressive chromatin. The boundaries of repressive chromatin domains can be fixed by DNA elements known as barrier insulators, to both shield neighboring gene expression and to maintain the integrity of chromosomal silencing. Here, we examine the current progress in identifying vertebrate barrier elements and their binding factors. We overview the design of the reporter assays used to define enhancer-blocking and barrier insulators. We look at the mechanisms vertebrate barrier proteins, such as USF1 and VEZF1, employ to counteract Polycomb- and heterochromatin-associated repression. We also undertake a critical analysis of whether CTCF could also act as a barrier protein. There is good evidence that barrier elements in vertebrates can form repressive chromatin domain boundaries. Future studies will determine whether barriers are frequently used to define repressive domain boundaries in vertebrates.
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