Electrophysiological Mechanisms of the Anti-arrhythmic Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Heart rhythm disorders, or arrhythmias, are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega 3PUFAs), commonly found in fish oils and plant seeds, have recently emerged as potential anti-arrhythmic agents. The purpose of this review is to summarize the electrophysiological basis of the anti-arrhythmic properties of omega 3PUFAs from clinical, animal, and cellular research. Evidence of the anti-arrhythmic effects of omega 3PUFAs originated from epidemiological studies that correlated a low incidence of sudden cardiac death with high dietary omega 3PUFA intake. Subsequently, multiple clinical trials have confirmed the therapeutic effects of omega 3PUFAs in preventing sudden cardiac death and multiple other arrhythmia-related disorders. This has led basic scientists to investigate the effects of omega 3PUFAs on several ion channels including sodium, potassium, and calcium channels, as well as Na/Ca exchangers. Therefore, omega 3PUFAs may hold promise as safe and effective anti-arrhythmic agents. Nevertheless, further research is needed in areas such as: (1) identifying which form(s) of omega 3PUFAs (i.e., phospholipid, triglyceride, or free) is (are) responsible for anti-arrhythmic actions; and (2) developing reproducible methods for delivery so that the appropriate form and concentration may be present at the target site to prevent and treat arrhythmias.