Black titanium oxide nanoarray electrodes for high rate Li-ion microbatteries

Black TiO2-x nanotube arrays, which are synthesized by an electrochemical method and subsequent thermal conversion in a hydrogen atmosphere, are employed as binder-free, free-standing electrodes for high rate Li-ion microbatteries. Excellent cyclability and superior rate capability are achieved by an oxygen-deficient structure of TiO2 with increased electronic conductivity and the formation of metallic titanium hydride phases on the substrate.