Improved electrochemical performance of tin-sulfide anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Due to their highly reversible capacity, tin-sulfide-based materials have gained attention as potential anodes for sodium-ion and lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the performance of tin sulfide anodes is much lower than that of tin oxide anodes. The aim of the present investigation is to improve the electrochemical performances of SnS anodes for sodium-ion batteries using conventional organic electrolytes. Three different carbon composite anodes, SnS/reduce graphene oxide (SnS/G), SnS/reduce graphene oxide/hard carbon (SnS/G + C), and SnS/hard carbon (SnS/C), were prepared by hot water bath synthesis followed by mechanical milling. The mechanism of the conversion and alloying reaction was investigated by TEM. The feasibility of SnS anodes was confirmed in a full cell configuration using Na3V2(PO4)(2)F-3 as the cathode.