Development and optimization of T-2 weighted methods with reduced RF power deposition (Hyperecho-TSE) for magnetic resonance imaging

Turbo or fast spin echo (TSE/FSE) techniques with variable flip angles have the potential to overcome specific absorption rate (SAR) limitations. Such Hyperecho TSE sequences allow for high resolution imaging with full signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to standard TSE methods. Initially, a short overview of the two basic hyperecho schemes is given. Subsequently, the manuscript focuses on the flexible hyperecho approach TRAPS (smooth transitions between pseudo steady states). Basic criteria for flip angle ramp selection are illustrated. Further prerequisites to establish hyperecho methods in a chemical environment such as an automatic ramp selection are discussed. A summary of the introduced framework for contrast characterization and adaptation for conventional and Hyperecho-TSE sequences is presented. Finally, recent developments in hyperecho imaging are provided.