Coordinated Bidding of Ancillary Services for Vehicle-to-Grid Using Fuzzy Optimization

Electric vehicles (EVs) can be effectively integrated with the power grid through vehicle-to-grid (V2G). V2G has been proven to reduce the EV owner cost, support the power grid, and generate revenues for the EV owner. Due to regulatory and physical considerations, aggregators are necessary for EVs to participate in electricity markets. The aggregator combines the capacities of many EVs and bids their aggregated capacity into electricity markets. In this paper, an optimal bidding of ancillary services coordinated across different markets, namely regulation and spinning reserves, is proposed. This coordinated bidding considers electricity market uncertainties using fuzzy optimization. The electricity market parameters are forecasted using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. The fuzzy set theory is used to model the uncertainties in the forecasted data of the electricity market, such as ancillary service prices and their deployment signals. Simulations are performed on a hypothetical group of 10 000 EVs in the electric reliability council of Texas electricity markets. The results show the benefit of the proposed fuzzy algorithm compared with previously proposed deterministic algorithms that do not consider market uncertainties.