The V protein of human parainfluenza virus type 2 promotes RhoA-induced filamentous actin formation

We previously demonstrated that human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) induces RhoA activation, which promotes its growth. RhoA controls the equilibrium between globular and filamentous actin (F-actin). We found that F-actin formation is induced by wild type (wt) hPIV-2 infection, and that inhibition of F-actin formation by cytochalasin D decreases hPIV-2 growth. In wt RhoA-expressing cells, F-actin formation occurs and hPIV-2 growth is promoted. Overexpression of T19N RhoA, a dominant negative (DN) form of RhoA, inhibits hPIV-2-induced F-actin formation, and suppresses hPIV-2 growth. Immunoprecipitation assays reveal that hPIV-2 V protein binds only to DN RhoA, and this interaction requires its C-terminal Trp residues. F-actin formation is not observed during infection of recombinant hPIV-2 expressing Tip-mutated V protein (V-W178H/W182E/W192A). Overexpression of V protein, but not that of V-W178H/W182E/W192A, causes F-actin formation. Our results suggest that hPIV-2 V protein enhances hPIV2 growth through RhoA-induced F-actin formation, by selectively binding to inactive RhoA.