Creatinine sensors

The measurement of creatinine level in human blood and urine is clinically essential, because it reflects the renal, muscular and thyroid functions. This article reviews the current status of electrochemical enzymic/non-enzymic and immunosensors for creatinine. The performance of creatinine sensors could be improved by tailoring the properties of the interface with nanoparticles through engineering morphology, particle size, effective surface area, functionality, adsorption capability and electron-transfer properties. We expect these interesting properties of nanomaterials to find applications in miniaturized, smart sensing devices. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.