Advances in sample preparation using membrane-based liquid-phase microextraction techniques

The article highlights some of the most important developments in membrane-based liquid-phase microextraction techniques and applications. We discuss the evolution of different configurations from the flat type of module through the hollow-fiber module to the latest membrane combination with other sorbents and coating of the hollow fiber. We also discuss the basic principles and important parameters that control the extraction process in two-phase and three-phase systems. Finally, we highlight future trends in module configuration and applications. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.