The Inflammatory Transcription Factors NFκB, STAT1 and STAT3 Drive Age-Associated Transcriptional Changes in the Human Kidney

Human kidney function declines with age, accompanied by stereotyped changes in gene expression and histopathology, but the mechanisms underlying these changes are largely unknown. To identify potential regulators of kidney aging, we compared age-associated transcriptional changes in the human kidney with genome-wide maps of transcription factor occupancy from ChIP-seq datasets in human cells. The strongest candidates were the inflammation-associated transcription factors NF kappa B, STAT1 and STAT3, the activities of which increase with age in epithelial compartments of the renal cortex. Stimulation of renal tubular epithelial cells with the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (a STAT3 activator), IFN gamma (a STAT1 activator), or TNF alpha (an NF kappa B activator) recapitulated age-associated gene expression changes. We show that common DNA variants in RELA and NFKB1, the two genes encoding subunits of the NF kappa B transcription factor, associate with kidney function and chronic kidney disease in gene association studies, providing the first evidence that genetic variation in NF kappa B contributes to renal aging phenotypes. Our results suggest that NF kappa B, STAT1 and STAT3 underlie transcriptional changes and chronic inflammation in the aging human kidney.