期刊
TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES
卷 119, 期 1, 页码 3-19出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq268
关键词
apoptosis; autophagy; cell death mechanisms; toxicity; calcium; phagocytosis
类别
资金
- Swedish Research Council
- Swedish Cancer Society
- Stockholm Cancer Society
- Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation
- EC
- German Ministry for Science and Education (Bundes Ministerium fur Bildung und Forschung)
Necrotic cell death was long regarded as the ultimate consequence of chemical toxicity and was thought to result from simple cell failure because of toxic interference with vital cell functions. Introduction of the novel concept of programmed cell death (PCD), or apoptosis, has changed this view dramatically. This development has been further stimulated by the characterization of several other genetically PCD modalities, such as autophagy and pyroptosis. Like apoptosis, these modes of cell death are governed by complex signaling networks, containing switches responsible for cross talk between them. Recruitment or repression of these cell death signaling networks by foreign chemicals can lead to acute as well as chronic toxicity. In many instances, such effects of toxicants are mediated by disruption/modulation of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis or increased generation of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria or other intracellular compartments. Caspases, calpains, lysosomal proteases, and endonucleases are the main executioners of cell death, and they often co-operate during the execution stage of apoptosis. Finally, dead or dying cells are recognized and engulfed by phagocytes to prevent inflammation and associated tissue damage. Defective macrophage engulfment and degradation of cell corpses may also result from toxicity and can contribute to both the inflammatory response and dysregulation of tissue homeostasis. Hence, the cell death and phagocytosis regulatory networks offer a multitude of targets for toxic chemicals.
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