Effects of thyroid hormone analogs on lipid metabolism and thermogenesis

Thyroid hormone affects in a myriad of biological processes such as development, growth, and metabolic control. Triiodothyronine (T3) is the biologically active form of thyroid hormone that acts through nuclear receptors, TR alpha and TR beta, regulating gene expression. Given that the distribution of these receptors is heterogeneous amongst the different tissues, it is not surprising that some physiological effects of T3 are isoform specific. For example, while TR alpha is the dominant receptor in the brain and skeletal system and mediates most of the synergism between T3 and the sympathetic signaling pathway in the heart, TR beta is abundant in liver and is probably the isoform that mediates most of the T3 effects on lipid metabolism. Thus, it makes sense to develop compounds that selectively act on either one of the TRs, allowing for the activation of specific T3-dependent pathways. This article reviews the recent progress made in this area, focusing on the physiological effects of compounds that lower serum cholesterol and decrease fat mass, as they spare skeletal muscle and bone masses, as well as the heart. The available studies indicate that achieving selective activation of different TR-mediated pathways is a promising strategy for treating lipid disorders and obesity.