Constrained regularization for noninvasive glucose sensing using Raman spectroscopy

Multivariate calibration is an important tool for spectroscopic measurement of analyte concentrations. We present a detailed study of a hybrid multivariate calibration technique, constrained regularization (CR), and demonstrate its utility in noninvasive glucose sensing using Raman spectroscopy. Similar to partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR), CR builds an implicit model and requires knowledge only of the concentrations of the analyte of interest. Calibration is treated as an inverse problem in which an optimal balance between model complexity and noise rejection is achieved. Prior information is included in the form of a spectroscopic constraint that can be obtained conveniently. When used with an appropriate constraint, CR provides a better calibration model compared to PLS in both numerical and experimental studies.