Occurrence of 12-methylgymnodimine in a spirolide-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium peruvianum and the biogenetic implications

The novel gymnodimine congener 12-methylgymnodimine was isolated from the dinoflagellate Alexandrium peruvianum from the New River in North Carolina. In addition, the presence of 13-desmethylspirolide C was confirmed by NMR characterization. This marks the first time these two classes of cyclic imines have been found in the same organism, providing further evidence for a direct genetic relationship between the biosynthetic pathways for gymnodimines and spirolides suggested by comparison of their structures. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.