Identification and quantification of ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen and diclofenac present in waste-waters, as their trimethylsilyl derivatives, by gas chromatography mass spectrometry

This paper reports a derivatization, mass fragmentation study relating to the most common, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen and diclofenac, identified and quantified in the aquatic environment. Derivatizations have been performed with four silylation reagents in order to select the most proper one, taking into account analytical and financial points of view, equally. The tested reagents were N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), N-methyl-N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) and for this purpose at the first time, hexamethyldisilazan (HMDS) + trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA). Varying derivatization time and temperature, taking into consideration chemical and financial advantages, HMDS + TFAA proved to be the optimum selection. Responses of derivatives have been compared, as a function of the ionization technique (external/ internal ionization), as well as on the treatment of compounds' selective fragment ions (SFIs): (i) extracting the corresponding, characteristic m/z masses from TIC elutions and (ii) from SIM elutions, in parallel. Reproducibilities of measurements, expressed in relative standard deviation percentages (R.S.D.%), including the nanogram and the low picogram levels of injected derivatives, provided an average between 0.93 R.S.D.% and 4.11 R.S.D% NSAIDs' enrichment was performed with solid-phase extraction (SPE), applying the Oasis HLB (Waters) cartridges: recoveries in the 1-6 mu g L-1 range varied between 84% and 111%, with an average reproducibility of 6.4 R.S.D.% The utility of the optimized derivatization method is presented, on monthly basis, by the identification and quantitation of the ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen and diclofenac content of the influent and effluent waste-water samples obtained from a Hungarian waste-water treatment plant. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.