期刊
SPE RESERVOIR EVALUATION & ENGINEERING
卷 13, 期 2, 页码 179-192出版社
SOC PETROLEUM ENG
DOI: 10.2118/115247-PA
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The storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in saline aquifers is one of the most promising options for Europe to reduce emissions of green-house gases from power plants to the atmosphere and to mitigate global climate change. The CO2SINK (CO2 Storage by Injection into a saline aquifer at Ketzin) project is a research and development (R&D) project, mainly supported by the European Commission, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, targeted at developing an in-situ laboratory for CO2 storage. The preparatory phase of the project involved a baseline geological-site exploration and the drilling of one injection and two observation wells, as well as the acquisition of a geophysical baseline and geochemical monitoring, in Ketzin, located near Berlin. The target saline aquifer is the lithologically heterogeneous Triassic Stuttgart formation, situated at approximately 630- to 710-m (2,070- to 2,330-ft) depth. A comprehensive borehole-logging program was performed consisting of routine well logging complemented with an enhanced logging program for one well that recorded nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) and borehole-resistivity images, to characterize the storage formation better. A core analysis program carried out on reservoir rock and caprock included measurements of helium porosity, nitrogen permeability, and brine permeability at different pressure conditions. The saline aquifer at Ketzin shows a variable porosity/permeability distribution, which is related to grain size, facies variation, and rock cementation with values in the range from 5 to > 35% and 0.02 to > 5,000 md for porosity and permeability, respectively. On the basis of core analysis and logging data, an elemental log-analysis model for the target formation was established for all three wells. In addition, permeability was estimated using the Coates equation and compared with core data and NMR log-derived permeability, which seems to provide meaningful permeability estimates for the Ketzin reservoir. On the basis of the good core control that guided the petrophysical well-log interpretation in the first two CO2SINK wells, a porosity and permeability prediction by analogy for the third well is appropriate and applicable. The availability of cores was crucial for a sophisticated formation evaluation at borehole scale that characterizes the real subsurface conditions.
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