comparison of butterflies, bats and beetles as bioindicators based on four key criteria and DNA barcodes

Informed conservation decision-making requires meaningful biodiversity assessment, yet performing an inventory of all species present at a site is an impossibility. A small group of species is frequently used as a proxy for total biodiversity, and various attributes required by bioindicator groups have been suggested. We synthesized these suggestions as four key criteria: i) tractable taxonomy, ii) easily surveyed, iii) broadly distributed higher taxa but specialized species, and iv) diversity patterns reflected in other groups; and compare three groups - bats, beetles and butterflies - against these criteria to evaluate their potential as bioindicators in Malaysia. DNA barcodes from butterflies, bats and beetles sampled during standardized surveys at Rimba Ilmu Botanic Garden and Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve were sorted into molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTU) and assigned species and family names. Beetle and butterfly sampling required a similar number of person-hours per species, which was an order of magnitude lower than that required for bat sampling. It was easier to generate DNA barcodes for butterflies and bats than for beetles and the number of MOTU assigned a species and/or family name was higher for butterflies and bats (>82%) than for beetles. Most butterfly and bat families were found at both sites but the species of all three groups showed little overlap between sites (<15%). The species richnesses of all three groups were correlated with each other, but only bat and butterfly species richness was strongly correlated and statistically significant. Based on the four criteria, butterflies showed greatest potential as bioindicators.