Chronic intermittent hypoxia causes endothelial dysfunction in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). OSA is prevalent in obese subjects and is associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disorders. We tested the hypothesis that the deleterious effects of IH could be further modulated by diet-induced obesity. Design: Thirty adult (8-10 weeks) male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups. Mice were subjected to CIH or intermittent air (IA) for 12 h a day and fed either a high fat (HF) or a low fat control diet (CD) for 6 weeks. We analyzed endothelial function using a wire myograph, and measured markers of oxidative stress (plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) using colorimetrical assays. We also measured C-reactive protein (CRP) using ELISA and endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) gene expression using real time PCR. Results: Stimulated endothelial dependent dilation was significantly impaired only in the group fed high fat diet and subjected to CIH (E-max: HFIH 78 +/- 2%, p < 0.0001) when compared to the other groups (Emax: HFIA 95 +/- 0.7%, CDIH 94 +/- 2%, CDIA 97 +/- 1%). Also basal endothelial dependant dilation was attenuated in the HFIH group compared to the HFIA group (Emax: HFIH: 179 +/- 10% vs. HFIA: 149 +/- 11% in the presence of L-NAME). Levels of MDA were elevated in the CDIH group when compared to CDIA (0.68 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.41 +/- 0.03 mu M, p < 0.05) but were greatest in the HFIH group (0.83 +/- 0.08 mu M, p < 0.05). However, there was no significant increase in MDA levels in the HFIA group (0.45 +/- 0.03 lM, p = NS) when compared to all other groups. Similar effects were observed with CRP levels; CRP levels were significantly higher in the CDIH group compared with intermittent air (10.39 +/- 0.38 vs. 8.70 +/- 0.21 mu g/ml, p < 0.05) but the HFIH had the greatest levels of CRP (11.87 +/- 0.31 mu g/ml, p < 0.05). In the HFIA group, CRP levels were not elevated (9.96 +/- 0.37 mu g/ml, p = NS). Nevertheless, total antioxidant capacity and eNOS gene expression were not significantly different in the groups. Conclusion: CIH caused endothelial dysfunction in mice fed an obesogenic diet. Inflammation and oxidative stress were increased in CIH and an obesogenic diet exacerbated these effects. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.