The influence of C3435T polymorphism of ABCB1 gene on penetration of phenobarbital across the blood-brain barrier in patients with generalized epilepsy

Background: Epilepsy is refractory to medical treatment in about one-third of the patients. The exact pathological mechanism of epilepsy pharmacoresistance is stilt unclear, but a decreased antiepileptic drug (AED) uptake into the brain is suspected to play a role. P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a transmembrane transporter encoded by ABCB1 gene and located at the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), has been associated with epilepsy pharmacoresistance. Objective: To analyze the effect of two ABCB1 gene polymorphisms, C3435T and G2677T/A, on phenobarbital (PB) concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum (S) and to assess the relationship of ABCB1 polymorphisms to phenobarbital penetration across BBB in vivo and seizure frequency. Methods: CSF PB and S PB concentrations were measured in 60 patients with idiopathic primary generalized epilepsy receiving phenobarbital monotherapy. CSF/S PB concentration ratio was calculated as an index of phenobarbital penetration across BBB. The patients were genotyped for the ABCB1 gene C3435T and G2677T/A polymorphisms. Seizure frequency was recorded during the 6-month phenobarbital monotherapy. Results: Patients with different C3435T polymorphism had significantly different CSF PB concentrations and CSF/S PB concentration ratio. In comparison with CT heterozygotes and TT homozygotes, CC homozygotes had a significantly lower CSF PB concentration (p = 0.006) and CSF/PB concentration ratio (p < 0.001). G2677T/A polymorphism showed no such effect (p = 0.466). CC genotype and low CSF/S PB concentration ratio correlated with increased seizure frequency. Conclusions: C3435T polymorphism of ABCB1 gene was demonstrated in vivo to significantly influence the CSF/S PB concentration ratio and seizure frequency. (C) 2008 British Epilepsy Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.