期刊
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
卷 420, 期 -, 页码 313-318出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.046
关键词
Human; in vivo; Nanoparticles; Sunscreen; Zinc isotopes; Zinc oxide
资金
- CSIRO
- Macquarie University
In a pilot study to determine if zinc (Zn) from zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen can penetrate human skin in vivo, nanoparticles (similar to 30 nm) of a stable isotope (52% Zn-68 enrichment) were incorporated into an essentially phytochemical-based formulation and applied to the backs of 3 human subjects twice daily for 5 days during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Blood and urine were collected prior to application and at regular intervals and up to 50 days. As observed in a larger outdoor trial following this pilot study but with a different formulation and with UV exposure: values of Zn-68 in blood continued to increase beyond the 5 day application phase with the highest measurement at 14 days after the first application; variable amounts of the Zn-68 tracer were observed in urine; and the amounts of extra Zn added to blood were small and indicate very low levels of absorption (minimal estimate <0.01% of the applied dose) through the skin. Reasons for differences in absorption detected in the stable isotope trials and previous investigations include: the sensitivity of the stable isotope method; the duration of the investigations; the number of applications of sunscreen formulation; in vitro methods with excised skin; lack of measurement of blood and urine; no skin flexing; and lack of UV exposure. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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