期刊
SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN
卷 35, 期 6, 页码 1142-1162出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn053
关键词
schizophrenia; neuroimaging; fMRI; relatives; family study; cognitive control; working memory; memory; language; review
类别
资金
- National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders
- University of Minnesota's McKnight-Land Grant Fellowship
- National Institute of Mental Health [MH 18269, MH 79262]
- National Institute of Mental Health Conte Center [MH 71616]
- Commonwealth Research Center of the Massachusetts Department of Mental Health and National Institute of Mental Health [MH 43518, MH 63951, MH 65562]
- Center grant [P50 MH080272]
There is a growing literature on brain activity in the non-psychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia as measured using functional imaging. This systematic review examined 20 studies in 4 domains of cognition, including cognitive control (7 samples), working memory (5 samples), long-term memory (4 samples), and language (4 samples). While the literature was widely divergent, these studies did consistently find activation differences between patients' relatives and controls. The most consistent increases in activation within hemisphere were found in right ventral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and right parietal cortex. Abnormal activity, defined as significant increases or decreases in activation relative to controls irrespective of hemisphere, was found in about two-thirds of contrasts in the cerebellum, dorsal prefrontal, lateral temporal, and parietal cortices, and thalamus, with basal ganglia and ventral PFC showing abnormalities in approximately half of those contrasts. Anterior cingulate was generally spared in patients' relatives. The diversity of findings in studies of patients' relatives may derive from differences between the cognitive demands across studies. We identify avenues for building a more accurate and cumulative literature, including symmetrical inclusion criteria for relatives and controls, recording in-scanner responses, using both a priori and whole-brain tests, explicitly reporting threshold values, reporting main effects of task, reporting effect sizes, and quantifying the risk of false negatives. While functional imaging in the relatives of schizophrenia patients remains a promising methodology for understanding the impact of the unexpressed genetic liability to schizophrenia, no single region or mechanism of abnormalities has yet emerged.
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