Reference values for left ventricular volumes with real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography

Objectives. Obtain normal reference ranges for left ventricular (LV) volume indexes (VI) and ejection fraction (EF) with fast real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) with online analysis. Design. After a screening visit 166 healthy participants, 79 males and 87 females aged 29-80 years were examined with RT3DE and Doppler. Results. Upper normal values (mean + 2 standard deviations [SD]) for LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) and LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVI) were 82 ml/m