Derivatives of closo-Decaborate Anion [B10H10](2-) with exo-Polyhedral Substituents

Methods of introducing functional groups into the [B10H10](2-) anion based on electrophilic, radical, or nucleophilic substitution for exo-polyhedral hydrogen atoms have been surveyed. Special attention has been focused on nucleophilic substitution reactions promoted by acids, including protonic acids, anhydrous hydrogen halides, metal halides, and carbocations. In addition, methods of tailored functionalization of the substituents in the cluster have been described.