A zoospore inhibition technique to evaluate the activity of antifungal compounds against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and unsuccessful treatment of experimentally infected green tree frogs (Litoria caerulea) by fluconazole and benzalkonium chloride

Effective and safe treatments of chytridiomycosis in amphibians, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, are needed to help prevent mortality in captive programs for threatened species, to reduce the risk of spread, and to better manage the disease in threatened populations. We describe a simple method to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antifungal agents that involves adding zoo-spores to various drug concentrations in 96 well plates and microscopic observation after four days. We report results from testing 10 commercially available antifungal compounds: benzalkonium chloride (< 0.78 mu g/ml), povidone iodine (312.5 mu g/ml), amphotericin B (3.125 mu g/ml), fluconazole (< 1.56 mu g/ml), itraconazole (< 1.56 mu g/ml), enilconazole (< 1.56 mu g/ml), mercurochrome (6.25 mu g/ml), sodium chloride (12.5 mg/ml), methylene blue (< 1.56 mu g/ml) and Virkon (3.125 mu g/ml). For treatment trials of juvenile Litoria caerulea, baths of benzalkonium chloride at 1 mg/L and fluconazole at 25 mg/L were used on 18 experimentally infected frogs per treatment. Although these treatments resulted in longer survival times (mean 43.7 +/- 11.3 days) than in the untreated controls (37.9 +/- 9.3 days), the mortality rate was still 100%. Higher doses of fluconazole are suggested for further animal trials. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.