Effects of lipopolysaccharide on the response of C57BL/6J mice to whole thorax irradiation

Background and purpose: Inflammatory and fibrogenic processes play a crucial role in the radiation-induced injury in the lung. The aim of the present study was to examine whether additive LPS exposure in the lung (to simulate respiratory infection) would affect pneumonitis or fibrosis associated with lung irradiation. Material and methods: Wildtype C57BI/6J (WT-057) and TNF alpha, TNFR1 and TNFR2 knockout ((-/-)) mice, in C57BI/6J background, were given whole thorax irradiation (10 Gy) with or without post-irradiation intratracheal administration of LPS (50 mu g/mice). Functional deficit was examined by measuring breathing rate at various times after treatment. Real-time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the protein expression and m-RNA of Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), Interleuldn-1 beta (IL-1 beta), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF alpha) and Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF beta) in the lung at various times after treatment. Inflammatory cells were detected by Mac-3 (macrophages) and Toluidine Blue (mast cells) staining. Collagen content was estimated by hydroxyproline (total collagen) and Sircol assay (soluble collagen). Levels of oxidative damage were assessed by 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) staining. Results: LPS exposure significantly attenuated the breathing rate increases following irradiation of WT-C57, TNFR1(-/-) and TNFR2(-/-)mice and to a lesser extent in TNF alpha(-/-) mice. Collagen content was significantly reduced after LPS treatment in WT-057, TNFR1(-/-) and TNF alpha(-/-) mice and there was a trend in TNFR2(-/-) mice. Similarly there were lower levels of inflammatory cells and cytokines in the LPS treated mice. Conclusions: This study reveals a mitigating effect of early exposure to LPS on injury caused by irradiation on lungs of C57B1 mice. The results suggest that immediate infection post irradiation may not impact lung response negatively in radiation-accident victims, however, further studies are required in different animal models, and with specific infectious agents, to confirm and extend our findings. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Radiotherapy and Oncology 105 (2012) 341-349