The association between leptin and depressive symptoms is modulated by abdominal adiposity

Background: Evidence for a role of leptin in depression is limited and conflicting. Inconclusive findings may be explained by the complex effect of obesity on leptin signaling. In particular, both hyperleptinemia due to leptin resistance in obese persons as well as low leptin in lean persons can imply that low leptin biological signaling is associated with an increased risk of significant depressive symptoms. We tested whether the relationship between leptin and depressive symptoms is modulated by abdominal adiposity in two population-based studies. Methods: Data were from 851 participants (65-94 years) of the InCHIANTI Study and 1064 (26-93 years) of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Plasma concentrations of leptin, waist circumference and depressive symptoms via the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) were assessed. In longitudinal InCHIANTI analyses onset of depressed mood (CES-D >= 20) was evaluated over a 9-year follow-up. Results: In pooled cross-sectional analyses the interaction between leptin and waist circumference was significantly associated with CES-D scores ((log)leptin-by-waist interaction p = 0.01). Also in longitudinal analyses, the (log)leptin-by-waist interaction term significantly (p = 0.04) predicted depressed mood onset over time; depressed mood risk was especially increased for high levels of both leptin and waist circumference. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that low leptin signaling rather than low leptin concentration is a risk factor for depression. Future studies should develop proxy measures of leptin signaling by combining information on abdominal adiposity and leptin level to be used for clinical and research applications. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.