期刊
PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW
卷 115, 期 2, 页码 336-356出版社
AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.336
关键词
stereotype threat; stress and coping; working memory; vigilance; self-regulation
资金
- NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH071749-03, 1 R01 MH 071749, R01 MH071749] Funding Source: Medline
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH [R01MH071749] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
Research showing that activation of negative stereotypes can impair the performance of stigmatized individuals on a wide variety of tasks has proliferated. However, a complete understanding of the processes underlying these Stereotype threat effects on behavior is still lacking. The authors examine Stereotype threat in the context of research on stress arousal, vigilance, working memory, and self-regulation to develop a process model of how negative stereotypes impair performance on cognitive and social tasks that require controlled processing, as well as sensorimotor tasks that require automatic processing. The authors argue that stereotype threat disrupts performance via 3 distinct, yet interrelated, mechanisms: (a) a physiological stress response that directly impairs prefrontal processing, (b) a tendency to actively monitor performance, and (c) efforts to suppress negative thoughts and emotions in the service of self-regulation. These mechanisms combine to consume executive resources needed to perform well on cognitive and social tasks. The active monitoring mechanism disrupts performance on sensorimotor tasks directly. Empirical evidence for these assertions is reviewed, and implications for interventions designed to alleviate stereotype threat are discussed.
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