Reduction of cue-induced craving through realtime neurofeedback in nicotine users: The role of region of interest selection and multiple visits

This multi-visit, real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging feedback study demonstrates that treatment-seeking smokers can effectively modulate their behavioral and brain responses to smoking cues. They are more effective at decreasing activity in functionally defined regions involved in craving (e.g. ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC)) rather than increasing activity in regions involved in resisting (e.g. dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC)). (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.