Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media: From Mechanisms to Recent Advances of Catalysts

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an important electrode reaction for energy storage and conversion devices based on oxygen electrocatalysis. This paper introduces the thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, reaction mechanisms, and reaction pathways of ORR in aqueous alkaline media. Recent advances of the catalysts for ORR were extensively reviewed, including precious metals, nonmetal-doped carbon, carbon-transition metal hybrids, transition metal oxides with spinel and perovskite structures, and so forth. The applications of those ORR catalysts to zinc-air batteries and alkaline fuel cells were briefly introduced. A concluding remark summarizes the current status of the reaction pathways, advanced catalysts, and the future challenges of the research and development of ORR