The formation and hydrological significance of cryoconite holes

Cryoconite holes have been discussed in the literature since Nordenskiold's 1870 crossing of Greenland. They are found in high latitude and high alpine glaciers where sediment is transported onto the glacier surface, causing differential ablation. While studied periodically since 1870, in the last decade there has been a resurgence of interest in understanding the hydrology, biogeochemistry and ecology of cryoconite holes, and so it is timely to take stock of the current state of understanding, and to compile a roadmap for future endeavours. This paper combines past findings into a systems framework so as to identify the key integrative findings of cryoconite holes as single entities, and as a part of the wider glacier system.