期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 111, 期 39, 页码 14223-14228出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408339111
关键词
Mexico; pine resins; hopanes
资金
- Mexican Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia
- INAH
- Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies
- Wenner-Gren Foundation
- Arizona State University
- Stanford University
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [1239307] Funding Source: researchfish
- Natural Environment Research Council [lsmsf010001] Funding Source: researchfish
- NERC [lsmsf010001] Funding Source: UKRI
Although in modern societies fermented beverages are associated with socializing, celebration, and ritual, in ancient times they were also important sources of essential nutrients and potable water. In Mesoamerica, pulque, an alcoholic beverage produced from the fermented sap of several species of maguey plants (Agavaceae; Fig. 1) is hypothesized to have been used as a dietary supplement and risk-buffering food in ancient Teotihuacan (150 B.C. to A.D. 650). Although direct archaeological evidence of pulque production is lacking, organic residue analysis of pottery vessels offers a new avenue of investigation. However, the chemical components of alcoholic beverages are water-soluble, greatly limiting their survival over archaeological timescales compared with hydrophobic lipids widely preserved in food residues. Hence, we apply a novel lipid biomarker approach that considers detection of bacteriohopanoids derived from the ethanol-producing bacterium Zymomonas mobilis for identifying pulque production/consumption in pottery vessels. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring (m/z 191) of lipid extracts of >300 potsherds revealed characteristic bacteriohopanoid distributions in a subset of 14 potsherds. This hopanoid biomarker approach offers a new means of identifying commonly occurring bacterially fermented alcoholic beverages worldwide, including palm wine, beer, cider, perry, and other plant sap-or fruit-derived beverages
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