A TNFSF15 disease-risk polymorphism increases pattern-recognition receptor-induced signaling through caspase-8-induced IL-1

Inflammatory diseases are characterized by dysregulated cytokine production. Altered functions for most risk loci, including the inflammatory bowel disease and leprosy-associated tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15) region, are unclear. Regulation of pattern-recognition-receptor (PRR)-induced signaling and cytokines is crucial for immune homeostasis; TNFSF15: death receptor 3 (DR3) contributions to PRR responses have not been described. We found that human macrophages expressed DR3 and that TNFSF15: DR3 interactions were critical for amplifying PRR-initiated MAPK/NF-kappa B/PI3K signaling and cytokine secretion in macrophages. Mechanisms mediating TNFSF15: DR3 contributions to PRR outcomes included TACE-induced TNFSF15 cleavage to soluble TNFSF15; soluble TNFSF15 then led to TRADD/FADD/MALT-1 and caspase-8-mediated autocrine IL-1 secretion. Notably, TNFSF15 treatment also induced cytokine secretion through a caspase-8-dependent pathway in intestinal myeloid cells. Importantly, rs6478108 A disease risk-carrier macrophages demonstrated increased TNFSF15 expression and PRR-induced signaling and cytokines. Taken together, TNFSF15: DR3 interactions amplify PRR- induced signaling and cytokines, and the rs6478108 TNFSF15 disease-risk polymorphism results in a gain of function.