期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 110, 期 50, 页码 20117-20122出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313452110
关键词
carbohydrate-active enzymes; effector; fungal evolution; glomales; mutualism
资金
- European Commission [EcoFINDERS FP7-264465]
- French National Research Agency through the Clusters of Excellence ARBRE (Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems) [ANR-11-LABX-0002-01]
- French National Research Agency through TULIP (Toward a Unified Theory of Biotic Interactions: Role of Environmental Perturbations) [ANR-10-LABX-41]
- US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory Scientific Focus Area for Genomics Foundational Sciences
- Conseil Regional Midi-Pyrenees
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
- Swiss National Science Foundation
- Italian Regional Project Converging Technologies-BIOBIT
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- Programme for Promotion of Basic and Applied Researches for Innovations in Bio-oriented Industry
- Office of Science of the US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [23780062] Funding Source: KAKEN
The mutualistic symbiosis involving Glomeromycota, a distinctive phylum of early diverging Fungi, is widely hypothesized to have promoted the evolution of land plants during the middle Paleozoic. These arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) perform vital functions in the phosphorus cycle that are fundamental to sustainable crop plant productivity. The unusual biological features of AMF have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. The coenocytic hyphae host a community of hundreds of nuclei and reproduce clonally through large multinucleated spores. It has been suggested that the AMF maintain a stable assemblage of several different genomes during the life cycle, but this genomic organization has been questioned. Here we introduce the 153-Mb haploid genome of Rhizophagus irregularis and its repertoire of 28,232 genes. The observed low level of genome polymorphism (0.43 SNP per kb) is not consistent with the occurrence of multiple, highly diverged genomes. The expansion of mating-related genes suggests the existence of cryptic sex-related processes. A comparison of gene categories confirms that R. irregularis is close to the Mucoromycotina. The AMF obligate biotrophy is not explained by genome erosion or any related loss of metabolic complexity in central metabolism, but is marked by a lack of genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and of genes involved in toxin and thiamine synthesis. A battery of mycorrhiza-induced secreted proteins is expressed in symbiotic tissues. The present comprehensive repertoire of R. irregularis genes provides a basis for future research on symbiosis-related mechanisms in Glomeromycota.
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