期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 109, 期 19, 页码 7241-7244出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200155109
关键词
modeling; reverse correlation; categorical perception; top-down processing; cultural specificity
资金
- Economic and Social Research Council and Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) [ESRC/MRC-060-25-0010]
- British Academy [SG113332]
- ESRC [ES/E020933/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- MRC [MC_G1001214] Funding Source: UKRI
- Economic and Social Research Council [ES/E020933/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [MC_G1001214] Funding Source: researchfish
Since Darwin's seminal works, the universality of facial expressions of emotion has remained one of the longest standing debates in the biological and social sciences. Briefly stated, the universality hypothesis claims that all humans communicate six basic internal emotional states (happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sad) using the same facial movements by virtue of their biological and evolutionary origins [Susskind JM, et al. (2008) Nat Neurosci 11: 843-850]. Here, we refute this assumed universality. Using a unique computer graphics platform that combines generative grammars [Chomsky N (1965) MIT Press, Cambridge, MA] with visual perception, we accessed the mind's eye of 30 Western and Eastern culture individuals and reconstructed their mental representations of the six basic facial expressions of emotion. Cross-cultural comparisons of the mental representations challenge universality on two separate counts. First, whereas Westerners represent each of the six basic emotions with a distinct set of facial movements common to the group, Easterners do not. Second, Easterners represent emotional intensity with distinctive dynamic eye activity. By refuting the long-standing universality hypothesis, our data highlight the powerful influence of culture on shaping basic behaviors once considered biologically hardwired. Consequently, our data open a unique nature-nurture debate across broad fields from evolutionary psychology and social neuroscience to social networking via digital avatars.
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