期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 108, 期 22, 页码 8966-8971出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103352108
关键词
troposphere; heterogeneous chemistry
资金
- NOAA
- NOAA's Climate Goal
- National Science Foundation (NSF) [ATM 1542457]
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES)
- Department of Defense (DoD) [SI-1648, SI-1649]
- Div Atmospheric & Geospace Sciences
- Directorate For Geosciences [0936321] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
We measured isocyanic acid (HNCO) in laboratory biomass fires at levels up to 600 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), demonstrating that it has a significant source from pyrolysis/combustion of biomass. We also measured HNCO at mixing ratios up to 200 pptv (parts-per-trillion by volume) in ambient air in urban Los Angeles, CA, and in Boulder, CO, during the recent 2010 Fourmile Canyon fire. Further, our measurements of aqueous solubility show that HNCO is highly soluble, as it dissociates at physiological pH. Exposure levels >1 ppbv provide a direct source of isocyanic acid and cyanate ion (NCO-) to humans at levels that have recognized health effects: atherosclerosis, cataracts, and rheumatoid arthritis, through the mechanism of protein carbamylation. In addition to the wildland fire and urban sources, we observed HNCO in tobacco smoke, HNCO has been reported from the low-temperature combustion of coal, and as a by-product of urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems that are being phased-in to control on-road diesel NOx emissions in the United States and the European Union. Given the current levels of exposure in populations that burn biomass or use tobacco, the expected growth in biomass burning emissions with warmer, drier regional climates, and planned increase in diesel SCR controls, it is imperative that we understand the extent and effects of this HNCO exposure.
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