期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 106, 期 37, 页码 15567-15572出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906586106
关键词
low-Reynolds-number swimming; hydrodynamic interactions; active suspensions
资金
- National Science Foundation [DMR-0705105, DMR-0806511]
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
- Division Of Materials Research [0806511] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Unicellular living organisms, such as bacteria and algae, propel themselves through a medium via cyclic strokes involving the motion of cilia and flagella. Dense populations of such active particles or swimmers exhibit a rich collective behavior at large scales. Starting with a minimal physical model of a stroke-averaged swimmer in a fluid, we derive a continuum description of a suspension of active organisms that incorporates fluid-mediated, long-range hydrodynamic interactions among the swimmers. Our work demonstrates that hydrodynamic interactions provide a simple, generic origin for several nonequilibrium phenomena predicted or observed in the literature. The continuum model derived here does not depend on the microscopic physical model of the individual swimmer. The details of the large-scale physics do, however, differ for shakers (particles that are active but not self-propelled, such as melanocytes) and movers (self-propelled particles), pushers (most bacteria) and pullers (algae like Chlamydomonas). Our work provides a classification of the large-scale behavior of all these systems.
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