期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 106, 期 25, 页码 10103-10108出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905193106
关键词
flat fullerene; fractal sublimation; graphene bilayer edge; in situ electron microscopy; fractional nanotube
资金
- Sandia Corporation
- Lockheed-Martin Company
- U. S. Department of Energy [DE-AC04-94AL85000]
- National Science Foundation [CMMI-0728069]
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research
- Honda Research Institute U. S. A., Department of Energy [DOE-DE-FG02-06ER46330]
- Office of Naval Research [N00014-05-1-0504]
- Div Of Civil, Mechanical, & Manufact Inn
- Directorate For Engineering [0728069] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
We induced sublimation of suspended few-layer graphene by in situ Joule-heating inside a transmission electron microscope. The graphene sublimation fronts consisted of mostly {1100} zigzag edges. Under appropriate conditions, a fractal-like coastline'' morphology was observed. Extensive multiple-layer reconstructions at the graphene edges led to the formation of unique carbon nanostructures, such as sp(2)-bonded bilayer edges (BLEs) and nanotubes connected to BLEs. Flat fullerenes/nanopods and nanotubes tunneling multiple layers of graphene sheets were also observed. Remarkably, >99% of the graphene edges observed during sublimation are BLEs rather than monolayer edges (MLEs), indicating that BLEs are the stable edges in graphene at high temperatures. We reproduced the coastline'' sublimation morphologies by kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations. The simulation revealed geometrical and topological features unique to quasi-2-dimensional (2D) graphene sublimation and reconstructions. These reconstructions were enabled by bending, which cannot occur in first-order phase transformations of 3D bulk materials. These results indicate that substrate of multiple-layer graphene can offer unique opportunities for tailoring carbon-based nanostructures and engineering novel nano-devices with complex topologies.
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