TEMPO-mediated radical polymerization of styrene in aqueous miniemulsion: Macroinitiator concentration effects

The control/livingness in nitroxide-mediated polymerization of styrene (S) in aqueous miniemulsion at 125 degrees C employing a poly(S)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (PS-TEMPO) macroinitiator and the surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate has been shown to depend strongly on the macroinitiator concentration for particles of approximate number-average diameter 65 nm. The control/livingness was relatively poor at [PS-TEMPO](0) <= 0.02 M due to the combined effect of enhanced spontaneous initiation and the interface effect (whereby deactivation is suppressed due to interfacial activity of TEMPO). Satisfactory control/livingness was obtained at higher [PS-TEMPO](0) as a result of the interface effect and enhanced spontaneous initiation exerting less pronounced influence per chain than at lower [PS-TEMPO](0). Polymerizations using the sulfonate surfactant DOWFAX 8390 gave similar results, indicating that the present macroinitiator concentration effects are not specific to SDBS-based systems. The results also demonstrate that TEMPO-mediated polymerization of S in miniemulsion can proceed at a higher rate than in bulk with good control/livingness. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.